Carboxylic acids {fatty acid}| can have long hydrocarbon chains. Fatty acids have even numbers of carbons, from 12 to 20. Liver regulates fatty acids in blood.
Sphingosine, ceramide, sphingomyelin, and cerebroside {cell-surface lipid} determine blood group, direct development, make organ structures, confer immunity, and signal cancer.
Blood has triglyceride globular micelles {chylomicron}. Non-polar ends are inside, and polar ends, which dissolve in water, are on surface. Lipids digest slowest. Intestine absorbs 95% of lipids.
Triglycerides {phosphoglyceride} can have fatty acids replaced by phosphates. Cell-membrane phosphatidic acid, lecithin or phosphatidyl choline, and cephalin or phosphatidyl ethanolamine are phosphoglycerides.
Ether group can replace triglyceride fatty acid {plasmalogen}.
CDP, serine, ethanolamine, or choline can replace phosphatidic-acid phosphate group to make other lipids {sphingolipid}. Palmitic acid, in CoA form, adds serine to replace CoA and then reduces to sphingosine. Acyl CoA can bind to sphingosine to make ceramide. CDP-choline can bind to ceramide to make sphingomyelin. UDP-sugar can bind to ceramide to make cerebroside. Sialic acid can bind to cerebroside to make ganglioside. Ganglioside is in synapses and nerve receptors.
Cell-surface lipids {sulfatide} can determine blood group, direct development, structure organs, confer immunity, and signal cancer.
Lipids {triglyceride}| {triacylglycerol} can combine three fatty acids and one glycerol. Glycerol can attach fatty acid at each alcohol. Triglycerides {fat, biochemistry} can have three saturated fatty acids. Triglycerides {oil, biochemistry} can have three unsaturated fatty acids.
synthesis
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate reduces to glycerol-3-phosphate, in glycolysis pathway. Acetyl-CoA binds to two glycerol-3-phosphate hydroxyls, to make phosphatidic acid. Replacing phosphatidic acid phosphate group with fatty acid makes triglyceride.
Fatty-acid esters {wax, lipid} can have long chain alcohols or sterols. Carnauba wax is hard and lustrous and is for floor, car, and furniture. Candelilla wax is brown and is for records, floor, and candles. Bayberry wax is for candles. Beeswax is for cosmetics, candles, polishes, crayons, and artificial flowers. Wool wax is purified lanolin for ointments, cosmetics, and soaps.
Petroleum wax is odorless, tasteless, and inactive. Paraffin is hard petroleum wax for paper coatings. Petroleum jelly is soft petroleum wax for medicine.
5-Chemistry-Biochemistry-Lipid-Kinds
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Date Modified: 2022.0225